The conduction of ethics principles during clinical testing and pathological analysis. Essay

Usually clinical laboratories perform clinical testing and pathological analysis. Both kind of analysis require Ethics. Generally the examination process is divided into three parts or phases pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical.
The pre analytical phase includes
Organize the examination.
Informing patient and gaining consent.
Preparing patient
Collection of specimen.
The analytic phase includes
Preparation of sample.
Parameter analysis
Result verification
Sample storing
The Post analytic phase includes
Reporting result
Interpreting result
Information to patient or guardian
Applying the result to patient care.
The process of maintaining ethics of laboratory and laboratory professionals is as follows
Quality Assurance
Evaluation of external and internal quality assurance.
External quality assurance includes proficiency testing and internal quality assurance includes precision check.
Accreditation {National Accreditation Board of Testing and Calibration laboratories (ISO 15189) (NABL)}, {College of American Pathologist (CAP)}.
Adopting practices for detection of laboratory fraud, e.g. use of security code for operating instruments.
Utilization of Contractual agreements.
Laboratory Audit
Two phase audit system are methods for oversight of laboratory operation. These include on site audit and follow up audit.
Maintenance of instruments and to check adequacy of instruments.
Using Performance evaluation samples for assessing routine performance level of laboratories.
Performance history should be shared among regulatory agencies.
Split Sample Analysis
It is an important tool in detecting data quality problems.
Ethical Conduct
Company ethics policy should be signed by all employees of laboratory.
Ethics training for employees should be there.
Responsibility
Clinical laboratory professionals should be well trained to do following
Preparation for Collection of materials.
Appropriate instruction is to be provided to patients.
Preservation and transportation of collected specimens.
Analysis of specimens
Preservation of specimens.
Record maintenance of specimen collection
Record maintenance of result.
Precaution regarding work safety.
As per training and educational qualifications, the medical technologists have two entry levels apprentice and supervisor
Entry level Medical Laboratory Technologist These positions are for those who are trained for working as apprentice. These receive training in laboratory and perform technical work like preparation of samples, performing routine samples and preparation of results. These positions generally work under the guidance of a supervisor or an instructor. At this level, the technologist may have no experience in clinical lab. So the main objective is to prepare employees towards complex work assignments, so that they can progress and advance to objective level.
Objective level Medical Laboratory Technologist This position involves working in all three phases i.e. pre analytical, analytical and post analytical. A person on this position should able to perform routine tests as well as special tests. All tests are needed to perform with established protocols.
SAFETY MEASURES
The advancement in clinical practice over the last two decade has led to increase in number and range of investigation in laboratories an increase in various hazards. Hazards may arise from different cause such as
Handling of infectious materials
Handling of infectious specimens
Handling of broken glassware
Accidental spill of corrosive reagents
Inhalation of poisonous fumes or gas leakages